Absolute max and min of f(x) = x^3 - 3x on [0, 3] Step by Step

Step by step

The question

Question: find the absolute maximum and minimum of f(x) = x³ − 3x on [0, 3].

f(x) = x³ − 3x

On a closed interval, the highest and lowest values are at an end, or where the slope is 0.

So we test those, and only those.

candidates: the two ends + where f′ = 0

1 Critical points

Use the power rule on each term.

f′(x) = 3x^(3 − 1) − 3 × 1

Now we have f′(x) = 3x² − 3.

= 3x² − 3

Critical points: where the slope is 0.

Solve f′(x) = 0.

f′(x) = 0

3x² − 3 = 0

Take out the 3.

3(x² − 1) = 0

x² − 1 is a difference of two squares: x² minus 1 squared.

So it is (x − 1)(x + 1).

3(x + 1)(x − 1) = 0

a² − b² = (a − b)(a + b), b = 1

A product is 0 only when one of its parts is 0.

a × b = 0 → a = 0 or b = 0

So x = −1 or x = 1.

x = −1 or x = 1

2 Keep the ones inside

x = −1 is outside the interval.

Throw it away.

x = −1 not in [0, 3] ✗

x = 1 is inside the interval.

Keep it.

x = 1 in [0, 3] ✓

3 Test every candidate

The left end: f of 0 is 0.

f(0) = 0³ − 3(0) = 0 + 0 = 0

The critical point: f of 1 is −2.

f(1) = 1³ − 3(1) = 1 − 3 = −2

The right end: f of 3 is 18.

f(3) = 3³ − 3(3) = 27 − 9 = 18

4 Biggest and smallest

Careful!

The maximum is at an end, where the slope is not 0.

That is why we test the ends.

Careful: the ends count too

The biggest value is 18, at x = 3.

That is the absolute maximum.

max : 18 at x = 3

The smallest value is −2, at x = 1.

That is the absolute minimum.

min : −2 at x = 1

5 Check

Let's check one more point: x = 1.5 gives −1.12.

It is between the min and the max.

Right!

f(1.5) = −1.12: between −2 and 18

Let's look back.

First: critical points.

Then: keep the ones inside.

Then: test every candidate.

Then: biggest and smallest.

Last: check.

Answer