Step by step
The question
Question: find all the zeros of f(x) = x³ + 2x² − x − 2.
A zero of f is an x that makes f(x) equal 0.
A power 3 has up to three zeros.
1 List the candidates
The rational root theorem: a whole or fraction zero is a factor of the last number, over a factor of the first number.
The last number is −2.
Its factors are 1, 2, each with plus and minus.
Careful!
Don't forget the negative ones.
−1, −2 and the others can be zeros too.
The first number is 1.
So the candidates are just these.
2 Test the candidates
We put each candidate into f.
When we get 0, we found a zero.
Then x minus that number is a factor, like in the factor theorem lesson.
Start with 1: put it in place of every x.
We get 0.
So x = 1 is a zero!
3 Divide by x − 1
x = 1 is a zero, so (x − 1) is a factor.
We divide it out, with synthetic division.
x − 1 is 0 when x is 1.
So we use 1.
Then we write just the numbers in front: 1, 2, −1, −2.
The first number comes straight down: 1.
1 times 1 is 1.
Write it under the next number.
Add: 2 + 1 is 3.
3 times 1 is 3.
Write it under the next number.
Add: −1 + 3 is 2.
2 times 1 is 2.
Write it under the next number.
Add: −2 + 2 is 0.
The last number is the remainder: 0.
The other numbers are the answer's numbers: 1, 3, 2.
The answer starts one power lower than x³.
So f(x) = (x − 1)(x² + 3x + 2).
The other zeros come from x² + 3x + 2 = 0.
4 Solve the quadratic
Now x² + 3x + 2 = 0, with the quadratic lesson.
5 Factor
We need two numbers.
They multiply to 2, and they add to 3.
They multiply to a plus number, so the two numbers have the same sign.
They add to a plus number, so both are plus.
We list the pairs that make 2, smallest first.
We add each pair.
We need 3.
1 and 2 give 3.
Yes!
So it is (x + 1)(x + 2) = 0.
6 One bracket is 0
Two numbers multiply to 0.
That only happens if one of them is 0.
So one bracket must be 0.
We make each bracket 0.
Two small equations.
In x + 1 = 0, we take away 1 on both sides.
In x + 2 = 0, we take away 2 on both sides.
So x = −1 or x = −2.
7 Write all the zeros
So the zeros are 1, −1 and −2.
1 from the test, the others from the quadratic.
8 Check
Let's check: put −1 into f.
We get 0.
And put −2 into f.
We get 0 too.
Let's look back.
First: list the candidates.
Then: test the candidates.
Then: divide by x − 1.
Then: solve the quadratic.
Then: factor.
Then: one bracket is 0.
Then: write all the zeros.
Last: check.