Step by step
The question
Question: find the partial derivatives of f(x, y) = 4x² − 5y.
1 Partial by x
The partial derivative ∂f/∂x is the slope when only x changes.
For ∂f/∂x, only x changes.
y stays fixed: it acts like a plain number.
It is purple now.
Term by term.
4x²: the power 2 comes down: 4 times 2 is 8.
The power goes down by 1.
So 8x.
5y has no x: it is a fixed number, so it gives 0.
Drop the zeros: ∂f/∂x = 8x.
Careful!
A fixed letter is not 0!
In x²y, y stays in front.
Only a term with no x at all gives 0.
2 Partial by y
For ∂f/∂y, only y changes.
x stays fixed: it acts like a plain number.
It is purple now.
Term by term.
4x² has no y: it is a fixed number, so it gives 0.
5y gives 5.
Drop the zeros: ∂f/∂y = −5.
3 Check
Let's check.
Here is the surface z = f(x, y) near (1, 2).
On the orange curve only x changes.
∂f/∂x is its slope.
On the purple curve only y changes.
∂f/∂y is its slope.
The slope between two very close points.
Move x by 0.001: the change in f, over 0.001, is about 8.
And ∂f/∂x at that point is 8.
Almost the same.
Right!
Now move y by 0.001: the change in f, over 0.001, is about −5.
And ∂f/∂y at that point is −5.
Almost the same.
Right!
Let's look back.
First: partial by x.
Then: partial by y.
Last: check.