Step by step
The question
Question: find cos B, when tan B = 5/12.
1 Draw the triangle
sin, cos and tan belong to an angle of a right triangle.
So we draw a right triangle with the angle B.
2 Use what tan B means
The opposite side is across from B.
We write opp, adj and hyp for short.
The adjacent side is next to B.
It is not the hypotenuse.
The hypotenuse is the longest side.
It is across from the right angle.
tan B is the opposite side over the adjacent side.
The question says tan B = 5/12.
So opp over adj is 5/12.
Every right triangle with the angle B has the same shape.
A bigger one could have 10 and 24.
10/24 is 5/12 too.
So we can use the small one: opp = 5 and adj = 12.
3 Find the missing side
The hypotenuse is missing.
We call it x.
Pythagoras: in a right triangle, the two short sides squared add up to the hypotenuse squared.
Now put the numbers in: opp = 5, adj = 12 and hyp = x.
5² means 5 times 5.
That is 25.
12² means 12 times 12.
That is 144.
Write the squares: 25 + 144 = x².
25 plus 144 is 169.
x² is 169.
So x times x is 169.
That means x is the square root of 169.
The square root of 169 is the plus number that times itself makes 169.
13 times 13 is 169.
−13 times −13 is 169 too, but the √ sign always means the plus one.
So x = 13.
Careful!
We cannot just add the sides.
Pythagoras adds the squares: 25 + 144 = 169.
Then the square root.
4 Write cos B
cos B is the adjacent side over the hypotenuse.
Put in adj = 12 and hyp = 13.
So cos B = 12/13.
5 Check
Let's check with the calculator.
Set the calculator to degrees first.
The tan⁻¹ button turns tan B back into the angle: B is about 22.6°.
cos 22.6° is about 0.92.
And 12/13 is about 0.92.
The same.
So cos B = 12/13 is right!
Let's look back.
First: draw the triangle.
Then: use what tan B means.
Then: find the missing side.
Then: write cos B.
Last: check.