Step by step
The question
Question: A pizza gets 2 toppings from a list of 6.
How many different pizzas are there?
1 Order: yes or no
Does order matter?
Cheese and ham is the same pizza as ham and cheese.
So order does not matter.
That is called a combination.
2 Write the rule
The rule for combinations: n factorial, over r factorial times n minus r, factorial.
n is how many we choose from: 6.
r is how many we pick: 2.
3 Put the numbers in
We put 6 for n and 2 for r.
6 minus 2 is 4.
4 Write out and cancel
We write every factorial out.
4 times 3 times 2 times 1 is on top and at the bottom.
They cancel.
What is left is 6 × 5, over 2 × 1.
Why divide by 2 factorial?
The top, 6 times 5, counts in order.
One pizza of 2 can be put in order 2 ways.
So each pizza is counted 2 times.
Careful!
6 times 5 counts each pizza 2 times.
We must divide by 2.
5 Work it out
2 times 1 is 2.
6 on top and 2 at the bottom both divide by 2.
What is left is 3 × 5.
3 times 5 is 15.
So there are 15 pizzas.
6 Check
Let's check: 15 groups, each in 2 orders, make 30.
And 6 times 5, in order, is 30.
The same.
So the answer is right!
Let's look back.
First: order: yes or no.
Then: write the rule.
Then: put the numbers in.
Then: write out and cancel.
Then: work it out.
Last: check.